Can You Turn Right on Red in Canada

French sign indicating to cyclists that they may care for the red light every bit a yield if turning correct

Turning right on red is forbidden in New York City unless this sign or similar is posted.^[1]
In the U.s. outside New York City, correct turns are permitted on cherry (except for schoolhouse buses and trucks carrying hazardous materials^{[ commendation needed ]}) unless there is a "No Turn on Cherry" or a "Right Turn Bespeak" light indicating the same and controlling the correct turn.

"Right turn on red" traffic light in Belgrade, Serbia, right turn but after pedestrians and traffic pass from left.

A plough on red is a principle of law permitting vehicles at a traffic calorie-free showing a red indicate to plough into the direction of traffic nearer to them (almost always after a complete cease, depending on the jurisdiction) when the style is articulate, without having to wait for a green signal. North American traffic engineers kickoff introduced this rule as a fuel savings measure,^[2] nonetheless diverse studies find that information technology increases the take a chance of collisions between vehicles and pedestrians.

Turns [edit]

Right on cherry [edit]

The simplest version is normally known as a right turn on ruddy (or simply right on cherry-red) in countries that bulldoze on the correct side of the route, or a left turn on cerise in countries that drive on the left side of the road.

A right turn requires checking just two nearby crosswalks (at least i of which will prove "don't walk") and vehicular traffic moving towards the commuter, while a left plough or going directly requires checking two crosswalks and vehicular traffic moving in multiple directions.

When turning correct on scarlet, the vehicle typically has to yield to traffic coming from the left, and the crosswalk parallel to that stream if there is i. If turning right at a three-way junction from a major route onto a minor road, the vehicle merely has to yield to the crosswalk since there is no road on the left side. Sometimes, the opposing side has a protected left plough, requiring the vehicle to yield to opposing vehicles turning left, only not any crosswalks. In any case, the vehicle turning right on red has to yield simply to one stream of vehicles (out of two possible streams) and naught or i crosswalk.

Many jurisdictions that allow right turns on red will let it to be done in any lane, including the outer lane of a dual or triple right turn.

In some intersections, allowing a right on red would be unsafe, such as when there is a train running parallel to the road on the right side, synchronized to the traffic calorie-free timings. In places where correct on red is immune by default, a sign would exist placed to disallow it.

Left on blood-red [edit]

Another version is usually known as a left turn on red (left on cherry) in countries that drive on the right side of the road, and would be a right turn on carmine in countries that drive on the left side of the road, if whatever allowed it. These turns are typically restricted to turns onto a one-style. Many jurisdictions as well require that this blazon of turn be from a i-way.

All the same, although right on cerise is equivalent to left on blood-red to a one-way, left on cherry-red is non typically permitted in countries outside Northward America. Even in North America, few places permit left on crimson from ii-way to 1-style streets.

There are rarely some intersections where a left on cherry-red from a two-way to 2-mode is permitted, but this is due to the expected depression corporeality of traffic, rather than being geometrically equivalent to right on red.^[three]

from one-way to one-mode [edit]

Left turns from a 1-fashion to a one-way are completely geometrically equivalent to a right turn.

About places in N America allow this type of turn by default. Nigh places outside of North America disallow this type of turn.

to one-way [edit]

Left turns on red from a 2-way to a i-way are the aforementioned "difficulty" as a right turn on red, although the reasoning is less obvious. If a correct turn is possible, the opposing side might have a green light and protected left plow, allowing the driver to become a permissive left turn (flashing yellow arrow). If the opposing side has a red light (which is the instance if a right turn is impossible), or there is no opposing side, the driver has to yield only to vehicles from the right, and possibly the nearby crosswalk. In whatever case, the driver has to yield to just ane stream of traffic (out of 2 possible streams), and zero or ane crosswalk.

Only British Columbia, Alaska, Idaho, Michigan, Oregon, and Washington permit this type of turn past default.

Jurisdictions [edit]

N America [edit]

Right turns on red are permitted in many regions of North America. In the The states, western states take immune it for more than 50 years,^{[ citation needed ]} and eastern states amended their traffic laws to allow it in the 1970s as a fuel-saving mensurate in response to motor fuel shortages in 1973. The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 required in §362(c)(5) that in society for a state to receive federal help in developing mandated conservation programs, they must permit right turns on red lights.^[4] All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and Puerto Rico have allowed right turns on red since 1980, except where prohibited by a sign or where right turns are controlled by dedicated traffic lights. (The last state with a right-on-carmine ban, Massachusetts, ended its ban on January 1, 1980.^[five]) The few exceptions include New York City,^[6] where right turns on blood-red are prohibited, unless a sign indicates otherwise.

In some states, such as New York,^[7] Virginia, North Carolina, Nebraska, Nevada, and California, a right turn on ruby is prohibited when a red arrow is displayed.

At intersections where U-turns are permitted and controlled by a U-turn pointer from the left-most lane, motorists turning correct on ruby-red onto the same route must yield to those making U-turns before turning, as the motorists making U-turns accept the right of mode and a collision could hands occur. The exception is Pennsylvania where U-turns are immune unless otherwise specified following the same dominion as right on red, drivers making a U-plow are required to yield to all drivers executing legal maneuvers including turning right on red. At intersections where U-turns are prohibited in the aforementioned fashion, a green correct turn arrow will sometimes appear for those turning right onto the road, allowing merely traffic turning right to proceed without having to cease or yield to other vehicles or pedestrians. Some states such equally California have "No U-Turn" signs posted at these intersections because of the green right plow arrow.

About Caribbean countries with right-hand traffic, such every bit the Dominican Republic, allow correct plow on red unless a sign prohibits information technology. Some vehicles, such equally those conveying chancy materials and schoolhouse buses, are not immune to turn on red under whatever circumstance and must await for a greenish calorie-free or arrow.^{[ commendation needed ]}

During 1982–1992, approximately 84 fatal crashes per year occurred in the U.S. where a vehicle was turning right at intersections where right turn on scarlet was permitted.^{[ citation needed ]} Every bit of 1992, correct turn on red is governed federally past 42 UsC. § 6322(c) ("Each proposed State energy conservation plan to exist eligible for Federal assistance under this part shall include: ...(5) a traffic constabulary or regulation which, to the maximum extent practicable consequent with safe, permits the operator of a motor vehicle to turn such vehicle right at a red stop light after stopping, and to plow such vehicle left from a one-way street onto a one-fashion street at a red light subsequently stopping."). All turns on red are forbidden in New York City unless a sign is posted permitting it.^[8]

"Right on carmine prohibited" sign used in Canada

In Canada, a commuter may plough right at a red light after coming to a complete stop unless a sign indicates otherwise. In the province of Quebec, turning correct on a red was illegal until a pilot report carried out in 2003 showed that the right plow on reddish manoeuvre did not result in significantly more accidents. Subsequent to the report, the Province of Quebec now allows right turns on red except where prohibited by a sign. Withal, similar in New York Urban center, information technology remains illegal to plow correct on a scarlet anywhere on the Island of Montreal.^[9] Motorists are reminded of this rule by big signs posted at the entrance to all bridges.

In Mexico, correct turns on red are generally allowed unless a sign indicates otherwise.^[10] Mexico Metropolis has implemented a new transit law which prohibits right turns on red.^[eleven]

Left plow on red [edit]

Left turns on red for Usa states

 Left turns on cerise from one-way and 2-way streets into one-fashion streets permitted

 Left turns on red from one-mode streets into 1-way streets permitted

 State prohibits left turns on red

In the U.S., 38 states allow left turns on blood-red only if both the origin and destination streets are one way as of December, 2018.^[12]

V states, namely Alaska,^[13] Idaho,^[14] Michigan,^[xv] Oregon^[16] and Washington,^[17] let left turns on red into a ane-manner street, fifty-fifty from a two-manner.

As of December 2018, the post-obit states and territories ban left turns on red: Connecticut, Maine, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Due south Dakota (unless permitted by local ordinance), the District of Columbia, and Guam.^[eighteen] New York City prohibits left turn on reddish unless a sign indicates otherwise.^[18]

"Left on cerise prohibited" sign used in Canada (Alberta).

In Canada, left turn on red light from a one-way road into a one-style road is permitted except in some areas of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Left plough on red into a one-way route is permitted in British Columbia, even from a 2-way route.^[xix]

Some intersections accept signs to indicate that a left turn on red is prohibited. In Alberta, the sign for "no left turn" is defined with the line in the red circumvolve flipped compared to other prohibitive signs. Although inconsistent, this allows "no left turn" to exist a mirror image of "no right plow".

Cardinal America [edit]

In Costa Rica, right turns on red are allowed in full general, merely a sign tin can forbid them.^{[ citation needed ]}

Southward America [edit]

Chilean right turn on cherry permitted sign

In Chile and Brazil, right turns on red are just allowed when a sign permitting information technology is shown.^{[ citation needed ]} In Brazil, constructive April 14, 2021.

In Paraguay, correct turns on ruby are allowed in some towns.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Argentina, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay, right turns on red are not allowed.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

German right plough on red permission sign

In European countries in general, it is illegal to turn on a red calorie-free, unless it is indicated otherwise, for example by a green arrow on a blood-red light, a flashing bister arrow with a red light or a permanent green board side by side to the red light.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Poland, right turns on ruby are permitted only if an additional green arrow light (apart from the main point light) is present and lit. However, the regulations crave drivers to stop completely, as their paths intersect with other vehicles or pedestrians in at to the lowest degree i direction. Green pointer low-cal tin be also directed left (the same regulations use).^[xx]

In Germany, right turns on red are but permitted when a sign is present at the traffic light, after a complete stop. This rule was outset introduced in 1978 in East Federal republic of germany. It was derided equally the "socialist right turn" in West Germany, which planned to eliminate it after German reunification in 1990.^[21] However, a public backlash put an end to the plans, and the practise spread to the balance of Frg in 1994. One-half of the five,000 plough-on-red intersections that existed in 2002 were located in the former West Germany.^[22]

In Slovenia, the same sign as in Germany is used,^[23] where vehicles can turn right on a red calorie-free at all times, only they don't take the correct of way. Some intersections also take a dark-green pointer lite, that is lit when right turns are immune.^{[24] [25]} Historically, a different sign with the aforementioned meaning was used in the nineteen sixties, a green curved pointer on a small white rectangle board, attached under a traffic light.^{[26] [27]}

In Russia, right turns on red are only permitted if a carve up arrow-shaped greenish light allows it; drivers must give way to any vehicle coming from a different management. When the arrow is not lit, turns in the arrow direction are prohibited. However, in some cities, they take allowed turns on right provided there is a fixed greenish pointer with the writing beneath maxim "Requite way to everyone, you tin plow on correct".^[28]

French Correct turn (or others) on red permission sign

In the Netherlands, bicycles are occasionally allowed to turn right on a red calorie-free (assuming that the design of the junction is such that the light is even applicable to right turning cyclists, which it oftentimes is non in the Netherlands). Wherever this is the instance, a sign "rechtsaf voor fietsers vrij" (right turn free for cyclists) or "rechtsaf voor (brom)fietsers vrij" (right turn free for cyclists and mopeds) is present.^{[ citation needed ]}

In France, a right plough on red without stopping is allowed when a separate pointer-shaped amber light flashes, only drivers practice non have priority. They must check if whatsoever pedestrians are crossing earlier turning and must requite way to vehicles coming from other directions. A sign can also permit cyclists to turn right on cerise.^[29]

In Belgium, road signs that let cyclists to plough correct on a red light take been added to traffic law in 2012.^[30] Such roads signs have been placed on intersections in the Brussels Capital Region.^[31]

Like in the Netherlands, Belgium and French republic have a road sign that allows cyclists to plough right on a red light. The French and Belgian signs consist of a yield sign with a yellow bike and arrow inside. Such signs are placed under traffic lights.^[32]

Sign allowing cyclists to turn right on red in France and Belgium.

In the United Kingdom, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited. At some junctions in that location is a separate left arrow-shaped greenish "filter" light which, when lit, allows left-hand turns only conflicting traffic will always have a red signal.^[33] Other non conflicting traffic movements may have their own left or correct arrow-shaped green calorie-free. Sometimes there are specific lanes without signals for turning left, separated from the through traffic signalled traffic by traffic islands, but give style signs are installed.

In the Democracy of Ireland, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Lithuania, drivers are allowed to plough correct on red when a detail sign with a dark-green arrow on a white groundwork is mounted beside the red calorie-free of the traffic signal. Nevertheless, on x November 2014, national traffic rules were altered meaning that this sign volition be valid but until 31 December 2022 at the latest, by which time all such signs will accept been eliminated. These changes were made for reasons of road prophylactic.^[34] The green arrows in Lithuania were eliminated on one January 2020. Despite the announcement of the date for the emptying of the green arrows in October 2014, many urban center administrations were not prepared for alternatives, which led to considerable public outrage in January 2020. The authorities has allowed the render of the dark-green arrows in response to the state of affairs, but each green arrow must be coordinated with the Transportation Literacy Agency. The agency carries out an cess of a greenish arrow with regard to traffic safe and traffic chapters.

In Republic of latvia, y'all are allowed to turn right/left on crimson when an additional section is present and lit on a traffic light. If the master signal is red and an additional signal is lit, you may pass to the direction of the pointer in the traffic light but you must give way to all traffic (including pedestrians). If the main signal is green and an additional signal is also lit, you may laissez passer to any management and you must comply with the standard intersection and junction traffic rules. If the main signal is greenish and the additional signal is not lit, you must not turn to that direction. Logically, if the main signal is cherry and the additional indicate is unlit - you must non pass.

Latvian traffic light with additional sections. While driving both sections should be noted.

In the Czech republic and Slovakia, right turns on red are allowed only when there is a lit light-green arrow present (called S 5 in Czech republic and South x in Slovakia). Also in this instance the car turning on red must give mode to ongoing traffic, to pedestrians and other road users. (Co-ordinate to Czech constabulary §lxx of decree 30/2001 of Constabulary Codex; and Slovak law §9, part 3g, decree 9/2009 of Law Codex.)

In Romania, right turns on scarlet are only permitted if there is a small green flashing light with a right turn arrow. Drivers must yield to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their left. In some one-fashion junctions, the aforementioned rule applies for left on red (such as Cluj-Napoca Avram Iancu Square).

In Bulgaria, right turns on crimson are prohibited.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In Espana, right turns on red are immune only if there is either a flashing bister or lit light-green arrow-shaped traffic light. Flashing bister pointer allows turning without priority (turn must be done exercising circumspection, giving way to whatever other vehicles and pedestrians that may cross the path), while a lit green arrow grants priority. If but a regular prepare of traffic lights is present (no light arrows), then turning on red is prohibited.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Iceland, right turns on cherry-red are allowed simply when the "Hægri Kveiktu á Rauðum" sign is displayed at the traffic junction. The commuter will have to terminate at the red light first and requite style to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their left before turning.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Asia [edit]

Singapore "left turn on blood-red" sign

Equally in the one-time United Kingdom British Colonies, British Hong Kong drives on the left. Left turns on cherry are always prohibited in Hong Kong.^{[ commendation needed ]} At some junctions, however, at that place may be divide sets of signals for left turns, or specific lanes for turning left separating from the through traffic by traffic islands and requite way signs are installed. 1 such example is at the junction of Queen'due south Route Eastward and Morrison Hill Road.

In China, right turns on red are by and large permitted, unless there is a reddish arrow pointing to the right or otherwise indicated.^{[ citation needed ]} Proceeding straight on red at T-intersections where the intersecting road went left only used to be legal in Mainland China, with right-hand traffic provided that such movement would not interfere with other traffic, merely when the Route Traffic Safe Law of the People's Commonwealth of China took effect on 1 May 2004, such movement was outlawed.^[35]

In India, which drives on the left, a "free left turn" is more often than not prohibited.^{[36] [37]} However, some cities specifically permit turning left on a red signal.^{[38] [39]} An explicit greenish or blinking orange left indicate besides permits a turn on red, which usually ways that alien traffic is non permitted to enter the same road.^[xl]

In Nippon, which drives on the left, left turns on red require either a green left arrow bespeak along with the ruddy light, or a white road sign with a blue left arrow (not to be confused with the one fashion sign).^{[ commendation needed ]}

in Republic of korea, correct turn on crimson are always by and large permitted. but, in some intersections which take specific regulation sign, correct turn is allowed only on light-green lights or green arrow signals.

In Malaysia, which drives on the left, left plow on blood-red can only be observed in Sarawak since 1960s and Putrajaya since mid-2000s. The road sign by the traffic lights in Sarawak may state "Turn Left when Leave is Clear", every bit English, Malay and Chinese are used for road signage. The exercise is not implemented nationwide.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the Philippines, correct turns on red are legal unless there is a sign that prohibits doing so.^{[ citation needed ]}

As in the former United Kingdom British Colony Straits of Singapore Overseas British Territories and which drives on the left, left turns on cherry-red are e'er prohibited in Singapore.^{[ commendation needed ]} The driver must stop at the scarlet lite and await for green lights to turn left merely on green lights on. At most junctions, however, in that location may be separate sets of signals for left turns, or specific lanes for turning left separating from the through traffic by traffic islands and give way signs are installed. But, different other british colonies, there'southward a sign that permits left turns on scarlet. The commuter will accept to stop at the red light get-go and give mode to pedestrians and oncoming vehicles from their correct before turning.

In Taiwan, right turns on red are always prohibited, except when at that place is a green arrow along with the red low-cal.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Thailand, which drives on the left, left turns on red are allowed unless a sign prohibits information technology.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Kingdom of saudi arabia, correct turns on reddish are generally permitted, unless there is a dedicated skid lane for right turn.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Lebanon, unless a sign or red arrow prohibits information technology, right turns on blood-red are permitted after coming to a full stop to give fashion to oncoming traffic and pedestrians.^{[ citation needed ]}

Africa [edit]

In Mauritius, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited similar in the UK, unless there'due south a sign that permits it.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Republic of zambia, Mozambique, Angola, and Namibia, which drives on the left, left turns on red are prohibited like in the Great britain.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Oceania [edit]

Australian "left turn on red" sign at traffic lights

In Australia, which drives on the left, left turns on red are but permitted if a sign exists at the intersection. At such intersections, the sign generally reads "left turn on red permitted after stopping," pregnant a vehicle tin can brand a left plow only after coming to a consummate stop outset and giving way to approaching traffic and any crossing pedestrians or cyclists.^{[41] [42]} Such signs are only in limited locations in u.s.a. of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia (half dozen locations equally of 2016^[43]) as well every bit the Northern Territory and Australian Majuscule Territory and are banned in other states.^[44] In New South Wales, a number of tests to the intersection must be met before a turn on scarlet will be permitted, including pedestrian book, autobus stop locations, geometry of the intersection, and the amount of lane changing at the intersection.^[45] In that location are conflicting views on the policy of left turns on ruby, with supporters pointing to lower vehicle emission and time savings, while opponents cite prophylactic concerns.^{[43] [46]}

In New Zealand, which drives on the left, left turns on cherry-red are non permitted except if a green pointer is nowadays and lit.^{[ commendation needed ]} If a "skid lane" is present at the intersection (a lane turning left separated from the other lanes by a traffic isle), left turns are permitted at whatsoever fourth dimension, though traffic turning left must requite mode to pedestrians and oncoming traffic. Slip lanes are marked with Give Way signs and are nigh common at busy intersections in larger cities.

In Samoa, which drives on the left, left turns on cherry-red are permitted.^[47] Samoa used to drive on the right and basically follow the US rules of American Samoa, and this rule remained later on switching to driving on the left on 7 September 2009.

Tabular array [edit]

This tabular array shows the legal status of turns on red in various jurisdictions, where no sign is present or traffic signal explicitly prohibits it. If information technology is normally allowed, a sign or red pointer might prohibit information technology. If it is normally disallowed, a sign or arrow might permit it, or the intersection may have a dissever slip lane controlled by a yield or give way sign. However, a permissive arrow allowing a right turn (or left onto one-way) afterwards yielding to traffic, perchance afterwards a complete stop, is different from a protected pointer that does non require yielding.

Default Legal Status of Turns on Red by Land

Country	Correct (left)	Left (right) from one-way to i-way	Left (right) to one-manner	Notes
North America
Canada	Yes, except Island of Montreal	Yes, except some areas	simply British Columbia	see #North America
United States	Aye, in near locations	Yes, 38 states	Yes, v states	see #Northward America
Mexico	Yeah, except Mexico City	No	No
South America
Argentina	No	No	No
Brazil	only if sign permits	No	No	signs effective Apr 14, 2021
Chile	merely if sign permits	No	No
Colombia	Yes	No	No
Republic of costa rica	Yes	No	No
Dominican Republic	Yes	No	No	except schoolhouse buses and vehicles conveying chancy materials
Paraguay	some towns	No	No
Peru	No	No	No
Uruguay	No	No	No
Europe
Belgium	simply if sign permits	No	No	larger vehicles may not plough right on red, bicycles may plow right on red if a sign permits
Bulgaria	No	No	No
Czech Republic	but if arrow permits	No	No
France	but if pointer permits	No	No
Germany	just if sign permits	No	No
Iceland	but if sign permits	No	No
Republic of ireland	No	No	No
Republic of lithuania	only if sign permits	No	No
Latvia	but if pointer permits	No	only if pointer permits
Netherlands	only if sign permits	No	No	larger vehicles may non plow correct on red, bicycles and mopeds may turn right on red if a sign permits
Poland	only if pointer permits	simply if arrow permits	No
Romania	merely if arrow permits	simply if arrow permits	No
Russian federation	only if sign or arrow permits	No	No
Slovakia	only if arrow permits	No	No
Slovenia	simply if sign permits	No	No
Serbia	only if arrow permits	No	No
Kingdom of spain	only if arrow permits	No	No
United Kingdom	No	No	No
Asia
Cathay	Yeah	No	No
Hong Kong (SAR)	No	No	No
Republic of korea	Yes	No	No
India	some cities	No	No
Japan	simply if sign permits	No	No
Lebanon	Yeah	No	No
Malaysia	simply if sign permits	No	No	signs just in Sarawak and Putrajaya
Philippines	Yeah	No	No
Saudi Arabia	Yep	No	No
Singapore	only if sign permits	only if sign permits	No
Taiwan	No	No	No
Thailand	Yes	No	No
Africa
Angola	No	No	No
Botswana	No	No	No
Mauritius	only if sign permits	No	No
Mozambique	No	No	No
Due south Africa	No	No	No
Zambia	No	No	No
Zimbabwe	No	No	No
Oceania
Commonwealth of australia	just if sign permits	No	No
New Zealand	No	No	No
Samoa	Yes	No	No

Pedestrian and bicyclist safety [edit]

A 1981 United states Department of Transportation study adamant that the frequency of motor vehicle collisions with bicyclists and pedestrians when the vehicle was turning right increased significantly after the adoption of "Western RTOR". According to that study "Estimates of the magnitude of the increases ranged from 43% to 107% for pedestrian accidents and 72% to 123% for bicyclist accidents."^[48] A 1984 written report institute that where RTOR was allowed "all correct-turning crashes increment by about 23%, pedestrian crashes past nigh lx%, and bicyclist crashes past well-nigh 100%."^[49] A 1993 written report also concluded that RTOR increased crashes for pedestrians and cyclists, by 44% and 59% respectively.^[50]

Encounter also [edit]

• Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals

References [edit]

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2. ^ "Right Plow on Red Restrictions". Federal Highway Assistants. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
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External links [edit]

• The Condom Impact Of Right Turn On Red: Report To Congress, National Highway Traffic Condom Administration Traffic Tech
• Sarkar, van Houten, and Moffatt, Using License Manuals To Increase Sensation About Pedestrian Hazards at Intersections,^[1] Transportation Enquiry Record 1674.
• Traffic Lite Signals and Red Light Cameras: Turning on Ruby-red Lite (US), by Justin JIH.

1. ^ Sarkar, Sheila; Van Houten, Ron; Moffatt, John (1 January 1999). "Using License Manuals To Increase Awareness Near Pedestrian Hazards at Intersections. Missed Opportunity for Educating Drivers". Transportation Inquiry Record: Journal of the Transportation Inquiry Board. 1674: 49–56. doi:10.3141/1674-07. ISSN 0361-1981. S2CID 111367210.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_on_red

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